Blue Ray Helicopter

Posted in DVD & Blue Ray by Ted on November 5, 2010

Blue Ray helicopter

AgustaWestland AW101

Development
In the spring of 1977, the Ministry of Defence issued a requirement for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopter to replace the Royal Navy Westland Reyes Tues Westland responded with a design that was approved WG.34 designated for development. Meanwhile, the Marina Militare (Italian Navy) was also seeking a replacement for its (Agusta-built) Sea Kings, leading Agusta Westland to discussions with the possibility of joint development. This culminated in the joint venture that ended in November 1979 and a new London-based company, EH Industries Limited (HIE), was formed in June next year to manage the project.
As the design studies progressed, EHI became aware of a broader market for an aircraft with the same capabilities as those required by British and Italian navies. On June 12, 1981, the United Kingdom have confirmed their participation, with an initial budget of 20 billion development of nine pre-series examples. A major acquisition deal funds for the development of the EH-101 program was signed by British and Italian governments in 1984. At the Paris Air Show 1985 in Le Bourget, showed Agusta a model of a utility version of the new helicopter, resulting in a more general design that could be customized. After of a long development, the first prototype flew on October 9, 1987.
In 1989 the demand for the EH-101 was uncertain, the U.S. Blackhawk was to offer a competition with export prospects, and not Britain or Italy had orders for production yet. The Canadian government has expressed considerable interest in 1991 to acquire up to 43 EH-101 to replace its own aging naval helicopters, but with the end of the Cold War is marked by excessive several politicians and the acquisition was aborted in 1996. Britain maintained its commitment to the project, ordering 22 EH-101 helicopters in February 1995, Italy also proceeded with its decision of 16 EH-101 in October 1995.
The first group of EH-101 production for the RAF began arriving in 1997. In 2002 made a Westland unsolicited offer without success to provide the MoD with an improved version of the Merlin to meet demand in the UK to lift capacity. Y Agusta Westland merged to form AgustaWestland International Limited in July 2000 the closure by HIE as a separate entity shortly thereafter. Consequently, in June 2007 EH101 was renamed the AW101.
Design
Overview
AW101-body diagram
The AW101 Merlin is well known for its extensive use of materials compounds. The aluminum-lithium fuselage modular structure is resistant to damage and accidents, with multiple primary and secondary roads of the load. Control active vibration of the structural response (ACSR) uses a vibration cancellation technique to reduce the stress on the airframe. The AW101 is qualified to operate in temperatures from -40 to +50 C. High flotation tires allow the running of a smooth or rough terrain. The main rotor blades is a derivative design BERP rotor blades, which improves the aerodynamic efficiency at the blade tips, as well as reducing the signature of the road noise.
The cabin is equipped with armored seats for the crew, and can withstand an impact speed of more than 10 m / s. Double flight control are provided, although the EH-101 can fly for one person. pilot sample of instruments, including six high resolution color screens and an optional display of the mission. A digital map and to future infrared imaging system can also be installed.
Propulsion
The military version of the AW101 is powered by three turboshaft Rolls-Royce/Turbomeca RTM322 used by the United Kingdom, Japan, Denmark and Portugal, 1,491 kW or three General Electric CT7-6 turboshaft in Italy, Canada and Japan. The engine was Rolls-Royce RTM322 designed specifically for the AW101, and was later used as the other helicopters WAH-64 Apache. Motor input the particle separation systems provide protection when operating in sandy environments. Each motor is separately provided 1,074 liters of self-sealing fuel tank using two booster pumps. A fourth tank acts as a warehouse source, beating the main tanks during flight, while a fifth transfer tank can be added to increase range, and can refuel in the air. The engine power of 18.59 meters in diameter five-blade main rotor. The rotor blades are constructed of carbon / glass nest nomex bee and Rohacell foam, edged with the titanium alloy. Computer control of the engines through (electronic control unit of the engine) allows the aircraft EECU the AW101 to hover reliably in winds exceeding 80 km / h.
Weapons and defensive systems
A chin FLIR is mounted on some variants. The AW101 (excluding the ASM MK1) is equipped with chaff and flare dispensers, directed infrared countermeasures (IR blocking), ESM (electronic support measures, as head of RF [radio frequency]), and a laser detection and alarm system.
It has two hard points of the arms companies, in which the model HM Mk1 can carry four or Sting Ray torpedoes Mk 11 Mod three depth charges, but now can not use the Sea Skua missiles. Variants Mk1, Mk3 and 3a can be mounted General Purpose Machine Guns (GPMG) in a maximum of 5 points in the main cabin pointing out the window and door openings.
Cargo Systems
The AW101's fuselage has a volume of 31.91 m3 and the load compartment is 6.5 m long, 2.3 m wide and 1.91 m in height. The military version of the AW101 can accommodate up to 24 seated and 45 foot soldiers in combat and their teams. alternative loads include medical equipment and stretchers 16, and pallets. The floor of the cab and are equipped with rear ramp single berths, a charging unit semi-automatic version (SACRU). The ramp (1.91x2.3 m) can take a load of 3,050 kg, allowing it to carry vehicles such as the Land Rover. A cargo hook under the fuselage can carry external loads of 5,440 kg through the use of a SACRU. A rescue hoist and a flight controller stationary set are mounted on the loading door.
Avionics
The navigation system includes a GPS and inertial navigation system, VHF omnidirectional radio (VOR) of the instrument landing system (ILS), tactical air navigation (TACAN) and automatic direction finding. The MK1 and MK3 is equipped with a DVS system (Doppler velocity) for when the exclusive use of conventional instruments pitot pressure could be unreliable for measuring speed accurate. The AW101 is equipped with helicopter management, avionics and mission systems linked by two multiplex 1553B and ARINC 429 data buses. A Smiths Industries September 20th IMO automatic flight control system provides dual redundant digital control, giving autostabilisation and operation of four-axis autopilot.
Operational history
Royal Navy
The final order was for 44 machines RN ASW, originally scheduled but soon changed HAS.1 Merlin Merlin HM1. The first fully operational Merlin was issued on May 17, 1997 and entered service on June 2, 2000. All aircraft were delivered in late 2002 and is operated by four squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm, all based at RNAS Culdrose in Cornwall: 814 NAS, 820 NAS, NAS 824 and NAS 829. NAS 700 is the operating Merlin Evaluation 2000 to 2008.
A Merlin HM1 of HMS Monmouth Flight, 829 NAS, 2007.
In March 2004, RN Merlins were grounded following an incident at RNAS Culdrose when the rotor queue is not one of them. Investigations revealed that this was due to defective tail rotor manufacturing facility. Flights resumed the following year.
The Merlin HM1 has been authorized to operate from the Royal Navy aircraft carriers, amphibious assault ships, frigates Type 23 and a number of ships including RFA Fort Victoria class. Also is intended to equip the next Type 45 destroyers. A carrying capacity of the program is currently underway to upgrade 30 aircraft with standard HM2 Merlin. This include a new mission and digital cockpit. Will provide for the remaining 8 airframes, but this has been dropped for economic reasons, while shares to find alternatives for these aircraft.
The United Kingdom had long considered the Merlin as a replacement for the Sea King ASaC7 in Airborne Early Warning (AEW) role. On December 15, 2009, plans were announced for future helicopter. The RAF Merlin HC3 HC3As moved to Commando Helicopter Force replacing 'Jungli "Commando Sea King helicopter, these helicopters will be replaced by Chinook helicopters from RAF service. The eight airframes parts will be repaired with the equipment of the Sea King ASaC7. Sea King will also be replaced in the SAR role for a PFI agreement, resulting in the withdrawal of Sea King, leaving the operating Navy Wildcat Lynx and Merlin, the Chinooks operating in the RAF, and Army operational Wildcat Lynx and Apache. The Lynx helicopter has been seen as a useful complement to the most recent Merlins, however, had been discussed in 1995 that the gradual elimination of lynx for a fleet marine Merlin would be plausible.
Royal Navy Merlins have seen action in the Caribbean in the fight against drug trafficking and the rights of hurricane support. They have also been active in Iraq, support for British troops and coalition on the ground, and the rights of maritime security in the North Persian Gulf.
British Royal Air Force
A British Merlin in Iraq in 2005
RAF ordered 22 transport helicopters designated Merlin HC3, the first of which entered service with the RAF No. 28 Squadron, based at RAF Benson in January 2001. The type is equipped with fuel tanks and extended range is capable of air-air refueling, however, due to the lack of a suitable tanker UK, this capability has not been approved for use. It also differs version of the Royal Navy for having two wheels on the main landing gear, while the RN version has only one wheel on each main gear.
Merlin HC3 depth maintenance is carried out in depth Merlin Maintenance Fund RNAS Culdrose. The first operational deployment was to the Balkans in the early 2003. They were deployed in southern Iraq as part of Operation Telic until July 2009 when British forces withdrew from Iraq.
To alleviate a deficit operational helicopter of the Ministry of Defence acquired six AW101s MRHD of Denmark in 2007. These were assigned to the RAF under the designation HC3A Merlin. As Under the agreement, the British Defense Ministry ordered six new build replacement of the Royal Danish Air Force. In December 2007 a second squadron of Merlin No. 78 Squadron was formed in Benson. Five Mk3s Merlin are operating in Afghanistan in 2010, its initial implementation was criticized as allegedly missing Kevlar armor, aircraft and are fully equipped with ballistic protection armor. [Citation needed]
It was announced that the RAF will transfer its Merlins Command Force helicopters and Chinook HC2 replace.
Italian Navy
Italian Navy ASW variant in 2004
In 1997, the Italian government asked 20 EH101 helicopters with four options for the Italian Navy in the following variants:
9 (1) against surface and submarine warfare (ASW)
4 (2) early warning (AEW)
4 utility aircraft
4 ASH (Amphibious Support Helicopter)
The first Italian Navy helicopter production (MM81480) flew for the first time on October 4, 1999 and was officially presented to the press on December 6, 1999 at Agusta's factory. Deliveries to the Italian navy began in early 2001 and was completed in 2006. Italian EH101s operate in a variety of vessels, including aircraft carriers and amphibious assault ships. 9 ASW helicopters was delivered in August 2009.
The AW-101 was chosen for the CSAR program, 12 + 3 options, Aeronautica Militare (Air Force) to replace the HH-3F.
Royal Danish Air Force
The Royal Danish Air Force AW101 lift a ship's deck
In 2001, the Royal Danish Air Force has announced the purchase of eight EH101s of rights RAE and six tactical troop transport. The last of the 14 EH101s was delivered March 1, 2007 and the first SAR EH101s became operational in late April 2007. Danish 512s Mc has a maximum takeoff weight of 15,600 kg.
In 2007, the Ministry of Defence acquired the six EH101s transport troops to relieve a deficit Denmark British helicopters in operation. In return, the British have ordered six helicopters AgustaWestland new building to replace the Royal Air Force Danish.
On January 28, 2008, a Danish AW101 broke an engine shaft to the gearbox and made an emergency landing at the airport in Billund. Following this incident, the Danish fleet was grounded as a safety precaution. The incident sparked a national debate on the future of the Danish EH101 in service and whether it made sense to acquire different helicopters, as the EH101 had very low availability of approximately 30% due to mechanical problems. AgustaWestland in turn, blamed the Danes for spare parts orders late and not keeping enough staff to properly service the helicopters. In April 2008, reported significant improvements RDAF operational availability of over 50%, citing improved services AW (fast delivery of spare parts) and increasing competition from ground personnel responsible. [Citation] Need
Portuguese Air Force
Portuguese Air Force has operated Merlins from 24 February 2005 in transport search and rescue, combat search and rescue, surveillance of fisheries and maritime surveillance missions. The 12 aircraft in three versions, gradually replaced Puma Arospatiale in those roles. Portuguese Merlins are painted in a tactical camouflage green and brown.
The main function of the Portuguese AW101 is search and rescue in the sea off Portugal. EH-101 are on constant alert at three bases: Montijo (near Lisbon), Lajes Field, Azores and the island of Porto Santo.
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
MCH-101 Japan
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ordered 14 aircraft in 2003 for use in both the AMCM (Airborne mine counter-measures) and transport functions. The AW101 was modified by Kawasaki Heavy Industries of Japan Defense Agency designated MCH-101 model. The feature could bend the tail rotor and automatically, has been active anti-vibration system.
Kawasaki began licensed production of the Cell CH-101 and SMI-101 in 2003. MEXT CH-101 used for the transport of the Antarctic. Kawasaki started the license RTM322 engine production in 2005. First MCH-101 surrendered to the Self-Defense Force in 2006.
The MCH-101 and CH-101 will replace the MH-53E (S-80-M-1) for the AMCM, and the Sikorsky S-61 in a supporting role for Japanese Antarctic observations.
Other military customers
There has been considerable demand for the AW-101, which has maintained a continuous queue of customers for more than five years.
Norway has expressed interest in running for AW101 All Weather Norwegian search and rescue helicopter program (NAWSARH), which is scheduled replace the Westland Sea King Mk.43B of the Royal Norwegian Air Force in 2015. The other candidates for the contract of 10-12 NAWSARH Bell Helicopter Boeing V-22 Osprey, Eurocopter EC225, NH Industries NH-90 and Sikorsky S-92.
South Korea has recognized the need for mine countermeasures Moderns in the air (AMCM) helcopter maritime fleet, and is one of the AW101 helicopters being studied in the paper.
In November 2007, Algeria signed a contract for six AW101 helicopters. This is one of several agreements can potentially continue according to the Ministry of Defence.
VIP use
AgustaWestland developed a variant of the AW101 class, the AW101 VVIP, aimed at companies and VIP. In mid-2008 revealed a customer in Saudi Arabia had ordered two VVIP AW101s.
The Marine Corps United States has acquired two VH-71 AW101 helicopters as part of its efforts to replace his Marine One helicopter. However, the project itself was halted when program funding was reduced by 6 April 2009, but is likely to see a renaissance.
India plans for 12 AW-101 helicopters for the President and Prime Minister of India. The AW-101 was selected after competing against the Sikorsky S-92 "Superhawk" in field trials in 2008. A particular requirement is that the helicopter has "a high tail tube" to allow the car to approach Prime Minister steps in rear output for reduced exposure to hazards.
Variants
Model 110
Italian Navy ASW / ASuW variant, eight built.
Model 111
Royal Navy ASW / ASuW variant, Merlin HM1 designated by the customer, 44 built.
Model 112
Italian Navy variant of early warning, four built.
Model 300
Italian-built prototype commercial passenger variant, one built.
Model 410
transport variant of the Italian Navy, eight built.
Model 411
Royal Air Force transport variant, designated by the client Merlin HC3, 22 built.
Model 500
variant of the prototype utilities with rear ramp, two built.
Model 510
Transport Civil variant, two built.
Model 511
Canadian Forces Search and rescue variant, designated CH-149 Cormorant by the client, 15 built.
Model 512
Royal Danish Air Force for search option and rescue and transport, 14 built.
Model 514
The search for the Portuguese Air Force and rescue variant, six built.
Model 515
Portuguese Air Force variant of fisheries protection, two built.
Model 516
Portuguese Air Search and Rescue Force fighter, four built.
Model 518
Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Mine Countermeasures Force and transport, two built.
Model 519
Alternative transportation for Marine Corps United States as the VH-71 Kestrel, five built.
Merlin HM1
Royal Navy designation for the Model 111.
Merlin HM2
avionics modernization HM1s RN 30 to be performed by Lockheed Martin for the Royal Navy. The first flight is expected in late 2010.
Merlin HC3
Real Fuerza Air Force designation for the Model 411.
Merlin HC3A
Royal Air Force designation of six ex Royal Danish Air Force 512S model modified UK rules.
CH-148 Petrel
33 originally ordered by the Canadian Forces, reduced to 28 and later canceled.
CH-149 Cormorant
Of Canadian Forces designation for the Model 511 search and rescue variant. (14 in service).
VH-71 Kestrel
USMC variant intended to serve as the U.S. presidential helicopter. Two in the tests.
Operators
Rescue 09 in an Air Force search and rescue Danish EH101
Metropolitan Tokyo Police Department EH101
Merlin Portuguese Air Force colors
military operators
Algeria
Algerian Navy
(6 in Order)
Denmark
Royal Danish Air Force
Eskadrille 722 (Squadron 722)
Italy
Italian Navy
Elicotteri 1Gruppo
3Gruppo Elicotteri
Japan
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
Portugal
Portuguese Air Force
751 Squadron "Pumas"
United Kingdom
Royal Navy
700M Naval Air Squadron (Operational Evaluation Unit) (2000-2008)
814 Naval Air Squadron
820 Squadron Naval Air
824 Naval Air Squadron
829 Naval Air Squadron
Royal Air Force
No. 28 Squadron RAF, Royal Air Force Benson
No. 78 Squadron RAF, RAF Benson
Law enforcement operators
Japan
Metropolitan Police Department in Tokyo became the first civilian customer for the type where a single example was purchased in 1998.
Notable accidents and incidents
Five Merlins have been hit and damaged a accidents of which three were due to problems with the tail rotor shaft cracks. [Citation needed]
January 21, 1993 - Italian Merlin development PP2 (MMX600) crashed Novara-Cameri near the airfield in Italy after an uncontrolled application of the brake rotor in flight -. Four killed [citation needed]
April 17, 1995 - British Merlin development PP4 (ZF644) crashed near Yarcombe in Dorset, England. [Citation needed]
August 20, 1996 - Merlin Italian development PP7 (I-hyoid) was damaged in an accident when he turned after the tail rotor drive failed on landing. The helicopter was repaired.
October 27, 2000 - Royal Navy British Merlin (ZH844) dropped near the island of Skye, Scotland after a fire caused by the rotor hydraulic brake partially engaged.
30, March 2004 - Royal Navy Merlin (ZH859) crashed on takeoff from RNAS Culdrose due to tail rotor hub cracking.
November 15, 2007 - During an evacuation both medical Jorge Island, Azores, Portugal, Portuguese Air Force Merlin injuring five people when suddenly and unexpectedly rose one meter in the center of the boarding procedures. The pilot was able to regain control of the helicopter to minimize damages. According to police spokesman air, this type of incident is unheard of.
Specifications (Merlin HM1)
Composite image of an RAF Merlin test flares
General Features
Crew: 4
Capacity:
24 seated troops or
45 soldiers standing or
16 stretchers with medical
Length: 22.81 m (74 feet 10 inches)
Rotor diameter: 18.59 m (61 ft 0 in)
Height: 6.65 m (21 feet 10 inches)
Disc area: 271 m (2,992 ft)
Weight: 10,500 kg (23,150 lbs)
Payload: 5,443 kg (12,000 lb)
Maximum takeoff weight: 15,600 kg (32.188 pounds)
Powerplant: three Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM322-01 turboshaft, 1,725 kW (2,312 SHP) each
Performance
Never exceed speed: 309 km / h (167 knots, 192 mph)
Rank: 1,389 km (750 nm, 863 mi)
Service ceiling: 4575 m (15,000 ft)
Rate of climb: 10.2 m / s (2,000 ft / min)
Disc loading: 53.8 kg / m (11.1 lb / ft)
Power / mass: 284.9 W / kg (0.174 shp / lb)
Weapons
Firearms: 5 general purpose machine guns
Pumps: 960 kg (2,116 pounds) of anti-ship missiles (up to 2), homing torpedoes (to 4), depth charges and rockets
Avionics
Smiths Industries OMI September 20 dual redundant digital automatic flight control
Navigation Systems:
BAE Systems LINS 300 ring laser gyroscope, LISA-4000 Litton Italia The strapdown AHRS (naval variant)
Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN), VHF Omnidirectional Radio range (VOR), instrument landing system (ILS)
Radar:
Selex Galileo Blue Kestrel 5000 radar for maritime surveillance (ASW EH101s RN)
MM/APS-784 Eliradar maritime surveillance radar (Italian ASW EH101s)
Eliradar HEW-784 air / surface surveillance radar (AEW variants)
Officine Galileo MM/APS-705B search and weather radar (Italian Navy Utility EH101s)
Telephonics RDR-1600 weather radar avoidance (Royal Danish Air Force EH101s)
Galileo APS-717 search and surveillance radar (Force Portuguese Air EH101s)
See also
European Defence Procurement
related to the development
CH-149 Cormorant
VH-71 Kestrel
Comparable aircraft
Mil Mi-17
Mil Mi-38
Eurocopter Cougar
CH-148 Cyclone
NHI NH90
Sikorsky S-92
Related Lists
List of helicopters
List of active United Kingdom military aircraft
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